![\"\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639](\"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/7.1.png\")
<\/p>\n
Definitions and Timeline<\/h2>\n\n- Perimenopause: The transitional period before menopause, characterized by hormonal fluctuations and changes in menstrual cycles.<\/li>\n
- Menopause: Reached after 12 consecutive months with no periods; typically occurs between ages 45\u201355.<\/li>\n
- Postmenopause: The period after menopause, when low estrogen levels stabilize somewhat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Why Do These Changes Happen?<\/h2>\n1) Hormonal Fluctuations<\/h3>\n\n- Gradual depletion of ovarian follicles and reduced estrogen production<\/li>\n
- Variable progesterone levels and a longer follicular phase, leading to irregular cycles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2) Systemic Effects of Low Estrogen<\/h3>\n\n- Hot flashes: Lower estrogen alters temperature regulation in the hypothalamus.<\/li>\n
- Mucosal dryness: Reduced lubrication in the vagina and urinary tract causes vaginal atrophy, pain with intercourse, and urinary burning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3) Neurotransmitter Effects<\/h3>\n\n- Lower serotonin and GABA activity can contribute to mood swings, anxiety, and sleep problems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4) Effects on Metabolism and Bone<\/h3>\n\n- Estrogen decline affects skin and bone, increasing the risk of osteoporosis and unfavorable lipid changes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Perimenopause Common Symptoms<\/h2>\n
![\"\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645](\"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/7.2.png\")
<\/p>\n
1) Physical<\/h3>\n\n- Hot flashes and night sweats<\/a>: sudden waves of heat, especially in the head and torso<\/li>\n
- Menstrual changes: shorter or longer intervals, heavy bleeding, or spotting<\/li>\n
- Fatigue and low energy: often due to sleep disruption and hormone swings<\/li>\n
- Vaginal dryness and pain with intercourse<\/a><\/li>\n
- Weight gain or loss: shifts in fat distribution and metabolism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2) Psychological<\/h3>\n\n- Mood swings and irritability<\/li>\n
- Mild to moderate depression<\/li>\n
- Anxiety and restlessness<\/li>\n
- Poor concentration and \u201cbrain fog\u201d<\/li>\n
- Sleep disturbances (insomnia or excessive sleepiness)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3) Sexual and Urinary<\/h3>\n\n- Lower libido<\/a><\/li>\n
- Pain or burning with urination from thinning tissues<\/li>\n
- Urinary frequency or urgency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Perimenopause Diagnosis and Evaluation<\/h2>\n
1) History and symptom tracking: Daily logs using tools like MENQOL or health apps.<\/p>\n
2) Blood tests: FSH, LH, estradiol, TSH, and periodic progesterone as clinically indicated.<\/p>\n
3) Bone density: DEXA scan to assess osteoporosis risk.<\/p>\n
4) Cardiovascular assessment: Lipid profile and blood pressure in women over 45.<\/p>\n
5) Physical exam and ultrasound: Evaluate endometrial thickness and ovaries if bleeding is very irregular.<\/p>\n
Management and Treatment<\/h2>\n
![\"\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a](\"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/7.3.png\")
<\/p>\n
1) Lifestyle Changes<\/h3>\n\n- Regular exercise: combine aerobic and resistance training for heart and bone health<\/li>\n
- Balanced nutrition: prioritize calcium, vitamin D, omega-3s, and antioxidants<\/li>\n
- Stress control: meditation, yoga, and deep-breathing techniques<\/li>\n
- Sleep hygiene: consistent sleep schedule; avoid evening caffeine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2) Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)<\/h3>\n\n- Systemic estrogen (+ progesterone if the uterus is present): reduces hot flashes and supports bone strength<\/li>\n
- Routes: oral, transdermal (patch), or vaginal<\/li>\n
- Duration and dosing: often most beneficial within the first 5 years after menopause; reassess annually<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3) Non-Hormonal Treatments<\/h3>\n\n- SSRIs\/SNRIs (e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline): low doses may reduce mood symptoms and hot flashes; can be used continuously or tailored to symptoms<\/li>\n
- Gabapentin and clonidine: options when HRT isn\u2019t suitable or symptoms persist<\/li>\n
- Phytoestrogens: soy isoflavones and fenugreek may offer mild benefits<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4) Complementary Care<\/h3>\n\n- Reduce anxiety and low mood with structured mind-body practices<\/li>\n
- Supplements: magnesium, calcium, vitamins D and E for muscle symptoms and mood support<\/li>\n
- Acupuncture: small studies suggest it may reduce hot flashes by promoting endorphin release and modulating the autonomic nervous system; initial benefits often appear after 6\u20138 weekly sessions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Associated Conditions and Risks<\/h2>\n
![\"\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0636](\"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/7.4.png\")
<\/p>\n
\n- Metabolic syndrome: increased abdominal fat and risk of type 2 diabetes<\/li>\n
- Cardiovascular risk: higher LDL and lower HDL<\/li>\n
- Osteoporosis: may require bisphosphonates or HRT depending on risk profile<\/li>\n
- Chronic sleep disorders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Clinical Case Examples<\/h2>\n\n- Case 1: A 46-year-old with five daytime hot flashes and severe night sweats reported ~80% fewer episodes and better sleep after 3 months of transdermal HRT.<\/li>\n
- Case 2: A 48-year-old with mild depression and anxiety saw marked improvements after 8 CBT sessions plus an SSRI.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Perimenopause Prevention and Follow-Up<\/h2>\n\n- Annual check-ups: hormone panels as indicated, blood pressure, lipids, and bone density<\/li>\n
- Social support: join workshops or peer groups<\/li>\n
- Ongoing weight and activity monitoring to prevent central obesity<\/li>\n
- Clear communication: keep a symptom diary and share updates with your clinician<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Conclusion<\/h2>\n
Perimenopause is a complex transition driven by broad hormonal shifts. The most effective approach combines tailored HRT (when appropriate), lifestyle changes, non-hormonal therapies, and psychological support. Early recognition and a personalized plan are key to maintaining quality of life throughout this phase.<\/p>\n
References<\/h2>\n\n- UpToDate. (2023). Perimenopause: Clinical features and management.<\/a><\/li>\n
- NAMS. (2020). The 2020 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society.<\/a><\/li>\n
- ACOG. (2021). Practice Bulletin No. 141: Management of Menopause Symptoms.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":998,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[192,200,201,181,197,199,194,198],"class_list":["post-2266","diseases","type-diseases","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-hormonal-disorders","tag-hot-flashes","tag-menopause","tag-menstrual-disorders","tag-night-sweats","tag-perimenopause","tag-sleep-disorders","tag-vaginal-dryness","diseases_cat-menstrual-disorders"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/diseases\/2266","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/diseases"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/diseases"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2266"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/diseases\/2266\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3129,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/diseases\/2266\/revisions\/3129"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/998"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2266"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2266"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Why Do These Changes Happen?<\/h2>\n1) Hormonal Fluctuations<\/h3>\n\n- Gradual depletion of ovarian follicles and reduced estrogen production<\/li>\n
- Variable progesterone levels and a longer follicular phase, leading to irregular cycles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2) Systemic Effects of Low Estrogen<\/h3>\n\n- Hot flashes: Lower estrogen alters temperature regulation in the hypothalamus.<\/li>\n
- Mucosal dryness: Reduced lubrication in the vagina and urinary tract causes vaginal atrophy, pain with intercourse, and urinary burning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3) Neurotransmitter Effects<\/h3>\n\n- Lower serotonin and GABA activity can contribute to mood swings, anxiety, and sleep problems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4) Effects on Metabolism and Bone<\/h3>\n\n- Estrogen decline affects skin and bone, increasing the risk of osteoporosis and unfavorable lipid changes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Perimenopause Common Symptoms<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n
1) Physical<\/h3>\n\n- Hot flashes and night sweats<\/a>: sudden waves of heat, especially in the head and torso<\/li>\n
- Menstrual changes: shorter or longer intervals, heavy bleeding, or spotting<\/li>\n
- Fatigue and low energy: often due to sleep disruption and hormone swings<\/li>\n
- Vaginal dryness and pain with intercourse<\/a><\/li>\n
- Weight gain or loss: shifts in fat distribution and metabolism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2) Psychological<\/h3>\n\n- Mood swings and irritability<\/li>\n
- Mild to moderate depression<\/li>\n
- Anxiety and restlessness<\/li>\n
- Poor concentration and \u201cbrain fog\u201d<\/li>\n
- Sleep disturbances (insomnia or excessive sleepiness)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3) Sexual and Urinary<\/h3>\n\n- Lower libido<\/a><\/li>\n
- Pain or burning with urination from thinning tissues<\/li>\n
- Urinary frequency or urgency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Perimenopause Diagnosis and Evaluation<\/h2>\n
1) History and symptom tracking: Daily logs using tools like MENQOL or health apps.<\/p>\n
2) Blood tests: FSH, LH, estradiol, TSH, and periodic progesterone as clinically indicated.<\/p>\n
3) Bone density: DEXA scan to assess osteoporosis risk.<\/p>\n
4) Cardiovascular assessment: Lipid profile and blood pressure in women over 45.<\/p>\n
5) Physical exam and ultrasound: Evaluate endometrial thickness and ovaries if bleeding is very irregular.<\/p>\n
Management and Treatment<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n
1) Lifestyle Changes<\/h3>\n\n- Regular exercise: combine aerobic and resistance training for heart and bone health<\/li>\n
- Balanced nutrition: prioritize calcium, vitamin D, omega-3s, and antioxidants<\/li>\n
- Stress control: meditation, yoga, and deep-breathing techniques<\/li>\n
- Sleep hygiene: consistent sleep schedule; avoid evening caffeine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2) Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)<\/h3>\n\n- Systemic estrogen (+ progesterone if the uterus is present): reduces hot flashes and supports bone strength<\/li>\n
- Routes: oral, transdermal (patch), or vaginal<\/li>\n
- Duration and dosing: often most beneficial within the first 5 years after menopause; reassess annually<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3) Non-Hormonal Treatments<\/h3>\n\n- SSRIs\/SNRIs (e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline): low doses may reduce mood symptoms and hot flashes; can be used continuously or tailored to symptoms<\/li>\n
- Gabapentin and clonidine: options when HRT isn\u2019t suitable or symptoms persist<\/li>\n
- Phytoestrogens: soy isoflavones and fenugreek may offer mild benefits<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4) Complementary Care<\/h3>\n\n- Reduce anxiety and low mood with structured mind-body practices<\/li>\n
- Supplements: magnesium, calcium, vitamins D and E for muscle symptoms and mood support<\/li>\n
- Acupuncture: small studies suggest it may reduce hot flashes by promoting endorphin release and modulating the autonomic nervous system; initial benefits often appear after 6\u20138 weekly sessions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Associated Conditions and Risks<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n
\n- Metabolic syndrome: increased abdominal fat and risk of type 2 diabetes<\/li>\n
- Cardiovascular risk: higher LDL and lower HDL<\/li>\n
- Osteoporosis: may require bisphosphonates or HRT depending on risk profile<\/li>\n
- Chronic sleep disorders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Clinical Case Examples<\/h2>\n\n- Case 1: A 46-year-old with five daytime hot flashes and severe night sweats reported ~80% fewer episodes and better sleep after 3 months of transdermal HRT.<\/li>\n
- Case 2: A 48-year-old with mild depression and anxiety saw marked improvements after 8 CBT sessions plus an SSRI.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Perimenopause Prevention and Follow-Up<\/h2>\n\n- Annual check-ups: hormone panels as indicated, blood pressure, lipids, and bone density<\/li>\n
- Social support: join workshops or peer groups<\/li>\n
- Ongoing weight and activity monitoring to prevent central obesity<\/li>\n
- Clear communication: keep a symptom diary and share updates with your clinician<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Conclusion<\/h2>\n
Perimenopause is a complex transition driven by broad hormonal shifts. The most effective approach combines tailored HRT (when appropriate), lifestyle changes, non-hormonal therapies, and psychological support. Early recognition and a personalized plan are key to maintaining quality of life throughout this phase.<\/p>\n
References<\/h2>\n\n- UpToDate. (2023). Perimenopause: Clinical features and management.<\/a><\/li>\n
- NAMS. (2020). The 2020 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society.<\/a><\/li>\n
- ACOG. (2021). Practice Bulletin No. 141: Management of Menopause Symptoms.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":998,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[192,200,201,181,197,199,194,198],"class_list":["post-2266","diseases","type-diseases","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-hormonal-disorders","tag-hot-flashes","tag-menopause","tag-menstrual-disorders","tag-night-sweats","tag-perimenopause","tag-sleep-disorders","tag-vaginal-dryness","diseases_cat-menstrual-disorders"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/diseases\/2266","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/diseases"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/diseases"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2266"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/diseases\/2266\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3129,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/diseases\/2266\/revisions\/3129"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/998"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2266"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2266"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
- \n
- Gradual depletion of ovarian follicles and reduced estrogen production<\/li>\n
- Variable progesterone levels and a longer follicular phase, leading to irregular cycles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2) Systemic Effects of Low Estrogen<\/h3>\n
- \n
- Hot flashes: Lower estrogen alters temperature regulation in the hypothalamus.<\/li>\n
- Mucosal dryness: Reduced lubrication in the vagina and urinary tract causes vaginal atrophy, pain with intercourse, and urinary burning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3) Neurotransmitter Effects<\/h3>\n
- \n
- Lower serotonin and GABA activity can contribute to mood swings, anxiety, and sleep problems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4) Effects on Metabolism and Bone<\/h3>\n
- \n
- Estrogen decline affects skin and bone, increasing the risk of osteoporosis and unfavorable lipid changes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Perimenopause Common Symptoms<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n1) Physical<\/h3>\n
- \n
- Hot flashes and night sweats<\/a>: sudden waves of heat, especially in the head and torso<\/li>\n
- Menstrual changes: shorter or longer intervals, heavy bleeding, or spotting<\/li>\n
- Fatigue and low energy: often due to sleep disruption and hormone swings<\/li>\n
- Vaginal dryness and pain with intercourse<\/a><\/li>\n
- Weight gain or loss: shifts in fat distribution and metabolism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2) Psychological<\/h3>\n
- \n
- Mood swings and irritability<\/li>\n
- Mild to moderate depression<\/li>\n
- Anxiety and restlessness<\/li>\n
- Poor concentration and \u201cbrain fog\u201d<\/li>\n
- Sleep disturbances (insomnia or excessive sleepiness)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3) Sexual and Urinary<\/h3>\n
- \n
- Lower libido<\/a><\/li>\n
- Pain or burning with urination from thinning tissues<\/li>\n
- Urinary frequency or urgency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Perimenopause Diagnosis and Evaluation<\/h2>\n
1) History and symptom tracking: Daily logs using tools like MENQOL or health apps.<\/p>\n
2) Blood tests: FSH, LH, estradiol, TSH, and periodic progesterone as clinically indicated.<\/p>\n
3) Bone density: DEXA scan to assess osteoporosis risk.<\/p>\n
4) Cardiovascular assessment: Lipid profile and blood pressure in women over 45.<\/p>\n
5) Physical exam and ultrasound: Evaluate endometrial thickness and ovaries if bleeding is very irregular.<\/p>\n
Management and Treatment<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n1) Lifestyle Changes<\/h3>\n
- \n
- Regular exercise: combine aerobic and resistance training for heart and bone health<\/li>\n
- Balanced nutrition: prioritize calcium, vitamin D, omega-3s, and antioxidants<\/li>\n
- Stress control: meditation, yoga, and deep-breathing techniques<\/li>\n
- Sleep hygiene: consistent sleep schedule; avoid evening caffeine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2) Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)<\/h3>\n
- \n
- Systemic estrogen (+ progesterone if the uterus is present): reduces hot flashes and supports bone strength<\/li>\n
- Routes: oral, transdermal (patch), or vaginal<\/li>\n
- Duration and dosing: often most beneficial within the first 5 years after menopause; reassess annually<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3) Non-Hormonal Treatments<\/h3>\n
- \n
- SSRIs\/SNRIs (e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline): low doses may reduce mood symptoms and hot flashes; can be used continuously or tailored to symptoms<\/li>\n
- Gabapentin and clonidine: options when HRT isn\u2019t suitable or symptoms persist<\/li>\n
- Phytoestrogens: soy isoflavones and fenugreek may offer mild benefits<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4) Complementary Care<\/h3>\n
- \n
- Reduce anxiety and low mood with structured mind-body practices<\/li>\n
- Supplements: magnesium, calcium, vitamins D and E for muscle symptoms and mood support<\/li>\n
- Acupuncture: small studies suggest it may reduce hot flashes by promoting endorphin release and modulating the autonomic nervous system; initial benefits often appear after 6\u20138 weekly sessions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Associated Conditions and Risks<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\n- \n
- Metabolic syndrome: increased abdominal fat and risk of type 2 diabetes<\/li>\n
- Cardiovascular risk: higher LDL and lower HDL<\/li>\n
- Osteoporosis: may require bisphosphonates or HRT depending on risk profile<\/li>\n
- Chronic sleep disorders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Clinical Case Examples<\/h2>\n
- \n
- Case 1: A 46-year-old with five daytime hot flashes and severe night sweats reported ~80% fewer episodes and better sleep after 3 months of transdermal HRT.<\/li>\n
- Case 2: A 48-year-old with mild depression and anxiety saw marked improvements after 8 CBT sessions plus an SSRI.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Perimenopause Prevention and Follow-Up<\/h2>\n
- \n
- Annual check-ups: hormone panels as indicated, blood pressure, lipids, and bone density<\/li>\n
- Social support: join workshops or peer groups<\/li>\n
- Ongoing weight and activity monitoring to prevent central obesity<\/li>\n
- Clear communication: keep a symptom diary and share updates with your clinician<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Conclusion<\/h2>\n
Perimenopause is a complex transition driven by broad hormonal shifts. The most effective approach combines tailored HRT (when appropriate), lifestyle changes, non-hormonal therapies, and psychological support. Early recognition and a personalized plan are key to maintaining quality of life throughout this phase.<\/p>\n
References<\/h2>\n
- \n
- UpToDate. (2023). Perimenopause: Clinical features and management.<\/a><\/li>\n
- NAMS. (2020). The 2020 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society.<\/a><\/li>\n
- ACOG. (2021). Practice Bulletin No. 141: Management of Menopause Symptoms.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":998,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[192,200,201,181,197,199,194,198],"class_list":["post-2266","diseases","type-diseases","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-hormonal-disorders","tag-hot-flashes","tag-menopause","tag-menstrual-disorders","tag-night-sweats","tag-perimenopause","tag-sleep-disorders","tag-vaginal-dryness","diseases_cat-menstrual-disorders"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/diseases\/2266","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/diseases"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/diseases"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2266"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/diseases\/2266\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3129,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/diseases\/2266\/revisions\/3129"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/998"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2266"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.drmardomakravari.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2266"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
- NAMS. (2020). The 2020 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society.<\/a><\/li>\n
- UpToDate. (2023). Perimenopause: Clinical features and management.<\/a><\/li>\n
- Lower libido<\/a><\/li>\n
- Hot flashes and night sweats<\/a>: sudden waves of heat, especially in the head and torso<\/li>\n
- Estrogen decline affects skin and bone, increasing the risk of osteoporosis and unfavorable lipid changes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
- Lower serotonin and GABA activity can contribute to mood swings, anxiety, and sleep problems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n